| Table 1.1 |
HIV infection
detected in South Australia in 1996. New
diagnosis of HIV infection by sex and exposure
category, cumulative to 30/09/96 and for the
period 01/07/96 - 30/09/96. |
| Table 1.2 |
HIV infection
detected in South Australia in 1996. Testing
history by age at diagnosis of HIV infection,
cumulative to 30/9/96 and for the period 01/07/96
- 30/09/96. |
| Table 1.3 |
Number of HIV antibody
tests performed in 1996 by laboratory and sex,
cumulative to 30/09/96 and for the period
01/07/96 - 30/09/96. |
| Table 2.1 |
Medical
notifications for individuals who tested
hepatitis C antibody positive for the first time
in 1996, for the period 01/07/96 - 30/09/96 and
cumulative to 30/09/96. Exposure category by sex. |
| Table 2.2 |
Individuals
who tested positive for hepatitis C infection for
the first time in 1996 for the period 01/07/96 -
30/96/96 and cumulative to 30/09/96. Age group by
sex. |
| Table 2.3 |
Newly
acquired infections diagnosed in 1996, exposure
category by sex for the period 01/07/96 -
30/09/96 and cumulative to 30/09/96. |
| Table 2.4 |
Number of HCV antibody
tests performed in 1996 by laboratory and sex,
cumulative to 30/09/96 and for the period
01/07/96 - 30/09/96. |
| Table 3.1 |
Acute cases
of hepatitis B infection for 1996, cumulative to
30/09/96 and for the period 01/07/96 - 30/09/96.
Risk category by sex. |
| Table 3.2 |
Acute cases
of hepatitis B infection for 1996, cumulative to
30/09/96 and for the period 01/07/96 - 30/09/96.
Age group by sex. |
| Table 3.3 |
Individuals
who tested hepatitis B surface antigen positive
for the first time during the period 01/07/96 -
31/09/96. Race by sex. |
| Table 3.4 |
Laboratory
screening for hepatitis B surface antigen by sex. |
| Table 4.1 |
Genital
chlamydial infection in South Australia for 1996,
cumulative to 30/09/96 and for the period
01/07/96 - 30/09/96. Age group by sex |
| Table 4.2 |
Laboratory
testing for genital chlamydia in South Australia
for 1996, cumulative to 30/09/96 and for the
period 01/07/96 - 30/09/96 |
| Table 5.1 |
5.1
Gonococcal infection in South Australia for 1996,
cumulative to 30/09/96 and for the period
01/07/96 - 30/09/96. Age group by sex. |
| Table 6.1 |
Clinic 275 -
Summary Statistics |
Since 1987 the Branch has
published annual epidemiologic reports and in 1995
informally distributed quarterly surveillance reports.
Because of the interest in these reports we have now
decided on formal publication as well as internet
distribution, as part of increased emphasis and
allocation of resources to surveillance within the
Branch.Despite well
documented principles and increased technological
capacity for effective surveillance activities in recent
decades, surveillance is still poorly understood and
lamentably applied in some settings. In the absence of
clearly defined objectives or understanding of the
importance of specific outcomes, workers may have no
interest in the accuracy or completeness of collected
data nor on the important behavioural issues involved in
operating surveillance systems. These problems are
compounded if agencies merely collect data for forwarding
to remote collating centres which have no role or
capacity to implement action on the basis of
surveillance. The enormous benefits of technological
advances in data analysis are sacrificed if inappropriate
data are collected or faulty techniques (such as
excessive use of character or comment fields in
databases) are employed for analysis.
The term epidemiological was
initially appended to surveillance to distinguish
it from authoritarian or militaristic uses of the
practice, but the change created confusion with other
epidemiologic activities (particularly research). The
term public health surveillance is now favoured
and can be defined as the ongoing systematic
collection, analysis and interpretation of
outcome-specific data for use in the planning,
implementation, and evaluation of public health practice.
If surveillance outputs are to be valued and used by
policy makers, surveillance systems must be elevated to
the highest standards of scientific excellence with a
sophisticated approach to behavioural issues both in data
collection and response to outputs ie innovative methods
of data interpretation and presentation must be developed
so that the outputs are highly meaningful to
decision-makers. Public health surveillance systems
should be rigorously evaluated and resources allocated to
those which are of proven value.
Against this background the STD
Control Branch is conducting a series of seminars
addressing key surveillance issues in which a literature
review will be used as the basis for discussion and
development of consensus statements. This process will
form the basis of a Public Health Surveillance Handbook
which will supplement the other technical bulletins
published by the Branch. In each surveillance report one
of these topics will be summarised.
Gavin Hart MD
MPH
Director
STD Control Branch
HIV infection 1985 -
30/09/96
There have been 632 individuals
diagnosed with HIV infection, 587 (93%) in males and 45
(7%) in females. Of the males diagnosed, 75% (443)
reported male to male sexual contact, 10% (52) reported
injecting drug use and 5% (27) reported both risk
factors. Injecting drug use was reported by 51% (22) of
the women diagnosed with HIV infection and 37% (18)
reported heterosexual transmission.
Of the 24 men who were notified
during the period 01/01/96 to 30/09/96 and reported male
to male sex, 8 had acquired their infection in the
preceding 12 months (Table
1.2).
HIV infection 01/07/96 -
30/09/96
Eleven men and one woman have been
reported with HIV infection during the third quarter of
this year. Risk factor information was available for 9 of
the 11 men and all reported male to male sexual contact (Table 1.2).
During the third quarter of 1996
there have been 18,990 screening tests performed, (40%)
on males, (49%) on females and tests were performed on
individuals whose sex was unknown (Table 1.3).
Table 1.1 HIV infection
detected in South Australia in 1996. New diagnosis of
HIV infection by sex and exposure category, 01/01/96
- 30/09/96 and for the period 01/07/96 - 30/09/96.
| EXPOSURE CATEGORY |
3rd Quarter
01/07/96-30/09/96 |
01/01/96-30/09/96 |
| MALE |
FEMALE |
MALE |
FEMALE |
| Homosexual
contact |
9 |
0 |
24 |
0 |
| Heterosexual
contact |
0 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
| Homosexual contact/IDU |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| Unknown /
Other |
2 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
| TOTAL |
11 |
1 |
29 |
1 |
* Includes
1 female
Table 1.2 HIV
infection detected in South Australia in 1996.
Testing history by age at diagnosis
of HIV infection,
01/01/96 - 30/09/96 and for the period 01/07/96 -
30/09/96.
| TESTING HISTORY |
3rd Quarter
01/07/96-30/09/96 |
01/01/96 - 30/09/96 |
TOTAL |
| AGE |
AGE |
| <25 |
25-39 |
40+ |
<25 |
25-39 |
40+ |
| No previous test |
0 |
*3 |
6 |
0 |
*7 |
9 |
16 |
| Previous 12 months |
1 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
5 |
0 |
8 |
| 12-24 months |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
6 |
| TOTAL |
1 |
*4 |
7 |
4 |
*15 |
11 |
30 |
Table 1.3: Number of HIV
antibody tests performed in 1996 by laboratory and
sex,
01/01/96 - 30/09/96 and for the period 01/07/96
- 30/09/96.
| |
3rd Quarter
01/07/96 - 30/09/96 |
01/01/96 -
30/09/96 |
| LAB |
MALE |
FEMALE |
Unknown |
MALE |
FEMALE |
Unknown |
TOTAL |
| IMVS |
5811 |
6136 |
156 |
17600 |
19098 |
575 |
37273 |
| Private |
1144 |
1854 |
1809 |
4926 |
8242 |
1809 |
14977 |
| Hospital |
697 |
1383 |
0 |
2062 |
3903 |
0 |
5965 |
| TOTAL |
7652 |
9373 |
1965 |
24588 |
31243 |
2384 |
58215 |
Hepatitis C
medical notification 01/01/96 - 30/09/96
Of the 918 individuals who tested
positive for hepatitis C infection for the first time in
1996, 583 individuals (64%) reported past and/or present
history of injecting drug use, 71 (8%) reported blood
transfusion/blood products as their only risk factor,
tattoos accounted for 4% (40) and unknown exposure
category accounted for 24% (224) of the infections
reported (Table 2.1).
Hepatitis C Medical
Notification 01/07/96 - 30/09/96
Laboratories reported 545
individuals who tested positive for hepatitis C infection
in the third quarter of 1996, 511 (93%) individuals were
notified by medical practitioners. Of the 511 medical
notifications received, 166 (32%) individuals reported
never having a previous test, 211 (41%) had previously
tested positive for hepatitis C antibody, 22 (4%)
individuals reported a previous negative test result.
Information on testing history was unavailable for 112
(22%) individuals who were assumed to have been tested
for the first time. Of the 22 individuals with a previous
negative test 8 were incident cases (defined by a
negative test or acute clinical illness in the preceding
12 months) (Table 2.3).
A high proportion (68%) of
individuals who tested positive for hepatitis C for the
first time during this quarter reported past and/or
present history of injecting drug use, 6% reported blood
transfusion/blood products as their only risk factor,
tattoos accounted for 5% and unknown exposure category
accounted for 16% of the infections reported (Table 2.1).
During the third quarter of 1996
there have been 15,545 screening tests performed, (44%)
on males, (41%) on females and tests were performed on
individuals whose sex was unknown (Table 2.4).
Table 2.1 Medical
notifications for individuals who tested hepatitis C
antibody positive for
the first time in 1996, for the
period 01/07/96 - 30/09/96 and 01/01/96 - 30/09/96 .
Exposure category by sex.
| EXPOSURE
CATEGORY |
3rd
Quarter:
01/07/96 - 30/09/96 |
Cumulative
01/01/96 -30/09/96 |
TOTAL |
| MALE |
FEMALE |
MALE |
FEMALE |
| Injecting Drug Use * |
139 |
63 |
415 |
168 |
583 |
| Blood Transfusion / Blood
Products |
11 |
7 |
46 |
25 |
71 |
| Tattoos |
13 |
1 |
36 |
4 |
40 |
| Unknown/Other |
57 |
29 |
134 |
90 |
224 |
| TOTAL |
200 |
100 |
631 |
287 |
918 |
*
includes those individuals whose exposure category is
IDU, IDU/tattoos, IDU/tattoos/blood transfusion and
IDU/blood transfusion.
Table 2.2 Individuals
who tested positive for hepatitis C infection for the
first time in 1996
for the period 01/07/96 - 30/09/96
and cumulative to 30/09/96. Age group by sex.
| AGE GROUP |
3rd Quarter:
01/07/96 - 30/09/96 |
Cumulative
01/01/96 -30/06/96 |
| MALE |
FEMALE |
MALE |
FEMALE |
TOTAL |
| Under
10 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
4 |
4 |
| 10
- 19 |
2 |
2 |
14 |
9 |
23 |
| 20
- 29 |
60 |
37 |
169 |
81 |
250 |
| 30
- 39 |
80 |
45 |
277 |
125 |
402 |
| 40
- 49 |
37 |
11 |
117 |
36 |
153 |
| 50+ |
20 |
4 |
52 |
32 |
84 |
| Unknown |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
| TOTAL |
200 |
100 |
631 |
287 |
918 |
Table 2.3 Newly
acquired infections diagnosed in 1996, exposure
category by sex for the period 01/07/96 - 30/09/96
and 01/01/96 - 30/09/96 *.
| EXPOSURE CATEGORY |
3d Quarter:
01/07/96 - 30/09/96 |
Cumulative
01/01/96 - 30/09/96 |
| MALE |
FEMALE |
MALE |
FEMALE |
TOTAL |
| IDU |
4 |
3 |
12 |
4 |
16 |
| Tattoos |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Unknown |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| TOTAL |
5 |
3 |
14 |
4 |
18 |
*
Newly acquired infections are defined by a negative test
or diagnosed seroconversion in the last 12 months as
reported on notification form.
Table 2.4 Number
of hepatitis C tests performed in 1996 by laboratory
and sex, 01/01/96 - 30/09/96 and for the period
01/07/96 - 30/09/96.
| LAB |
3rd Quarter
01/07/96 - 30/09/96 |
Cumulative
01/01/96 - 30/09/96 |
| MALE |
FEMALE |
Unknown |
MALE |
FEMALE |
Unknown |
TOTAL |
| IMVS |
4113 |
3133 |
256 |
11591 |
9327 |
461 |
21379 |
| Private |
1846 |
2488 |
2122 |
6404 |
9407 |
2122 |
17933 |
| Hospital |
810 |
777 |
0 |
2453 |
2349 |
0 |
4802 |
| TOTAL |
6769 |
6398 |
2378 |
20448 |
21083 |
2583 |
44114 |
Hepatitis B
medical notification 01/07/96 - 30/09/96
During the third quarter of 1996,
102 hepatitis B medical notifications were received. Of
these, 3 were acute cases of hepatitis B infection
(Tables 3.1, 3.2).
There were 30 reports of infections
of greater than 12 months duration for individuals who
had been previously diagnosed but not notified. There
were 60 reports of infection of uncertain duration
including 42 who tested positive for the first time
during the quarter. The testing history was not known for
the remaining 27 cases.
Of the 42 individuals who tested
surface antigen positive for the first time but were not
acute cases, the racial origin of a high proportion (60%)
was reported as being Asian (Table 3.3).
Table
3.4 shows the number of hepatitis B surface antigen
tests performed by laboratories for this quarter.
Table 3.1 Acute
cases of hepatitis B infection for 1996, cumulative
to 30/09/96 and for the period
01/07/96 - 30/09/96.
Risk category by sex.
| RISK CATEGORY |
3rd Quarter:
01/07/96 - 30/09/96 |
Cumulative to 30/09/96 |
| MALE |
FEMALE |
MALE |
FEMALE |
TOTAL |
| IDU/Tattoos |
0 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
| Homosexual
Contact |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Heterosexual
Contact |
1 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
| Social/Family |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
| Unknown |
1 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
4 |
| TOTAL |
2 |
1 |
5 |
7 |
12 |
Table 3.2 Acute
cases of hepatitis B infection for 1996, cumulative
to 30/09/96 and for the period 01/07/96 - 30/09/96.
Age group by sex.
| |
3rd Quarter:
01/07/96 - 30/09/96 |
Cumulative
to 30/06/96 |
| AGE
GROUP |
MALE |
FEMALE |
MALE |
FEMALE |
TOTAL |
| 10
- 19 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
| 20
- 29 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
4 |
| 30
- 39 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
| 40
- 49 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| 50+ |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
| TOTAL |
2 |
1 |
5 |
7 |
12 |
Table 3.3: Individuals
who tested hepatitis B surface antigen positive for
the first time during the period 01/07/96 - 30/09/96.
Race by sex.
| Racial Origin |
3rd Quarter:
01/07/96 - 30/09/96 |
Cumulative
to 30/09/96 |
| MALE |
FEMALE |
MALE |
FEMALE |
TOTAL |
| No. |
% |
No. |
& |
No. |
% |
No. |
% |
No. |
% |
| Aboriginal |
1 |
3 |
0 |
- |
10 |
11 |
2 |
4 |
12 |
9 |
| Asian |
20 |
65 |
5 |
46 |
45 |
51 |
26 |
55 |
71 |
53 |
| Caucasian |
9 |
29 |
5 |
46 |
30 |
34 |
15 |
32 |
45 |
33 |
| Other/Unknown |
1 |
3 |
1 |
9 |
3 |
4 |
4 |
9 |
7 |
5 |
| TOTAL |
31 |
|
11 |
|
88 |
|
47 |
|
135 |
|
Table 3.4: Laboratory
screening for hepatitis B surface antigen by sex.
01/07/96 - 30/09/96
| LABORATORY |
3rd Quarter:
01/07/96 - 30/09/96 |
|
Cumulative
to 30/09/96 |
TOTAL |
| MALE |
FEMALE |
UNKNOWN |
MALE |
FEMALE |
UNKNOWN |
| IMVS |
3993 |
4317 |
124 |
11626 |
13052 |
363 |
25041 |
| Private |
1004 |
1873 |
4450 |
2732 |
5795 |
15097 |
23624 |
| Hospital |
834 |
2085 |
0 |
2327 |
6377 |
0 |
8704 |
| TOTAL |
5831 |
8725 |
4574 |
16685 |
25224 |
15460 |
57369 |
Genital
chlamydial infection 01/01/96 - 30/09/96
Of the 765 cases of genital
chlamydial infection notified, 36% (272/765) were male
and 64% (493/765) were female (Table 4.1).
Genital chlamydial infection
01/07/96 - 30/09/96
There were 225 notifications of
genital chlamydial infection. Of these cases, 86/225
(38%) occurred in males and 139/225 (62%) occurred in
females (Table 4.1).
Sixty four percent (89/139) of
genital chlamydial infection in women and 48% (42/86)
infections in men occurred in those aged under 25. A
further 35% (30/86) of infections in men occurred in
those aged 25-29.
Table 4.1 Genital chlamydial
infection in South Australia for 1996, cumulative to
30/09/96 and
for the period 01/07/96 - 30/09/96. Age
group by sex.
| AGE GROUP |
2nd Quarter
01/07/96 - 30/09/96 |
Cumulative to 30/09/96 |
| MALE |
FEMALE |
MALE |
FEMALE |
TOTAL |
| 15 - 19 |
12 |
37 |
35 |
126 |
161 |
| 20 - 24 |
30 |
52 |
113 |
197 |
310 |
| 25 - 29 |
30 |
26 |
74 |
77 |
151 |
| 30 - 34 |
4 |
15 |
15 |
48 |
63 |
| 35 - 39 |
7 |
6 |
23 |
22 |
45 |
| 40+ |
3 |
2 |
12 |
20 |
32 |
| TOTAL |
86 |
139* |
272 |
493 |
765 |
* includes 3 females
under 15
Table 4.2: Laboratory testing
for genital chlamydia in South Australia for 1996,
cumulative to 30/09/96 and for the period
01/07/96-30/09/96.
| LABORATORY |
3rd
Quarter
01/07/96 - 30/09/96 |
Cumulative
to 30/09/96 |
TOTAL |
| MALE |
FEMALE |
MALE |
FEMALE |
| IMVS |
1319 |
2706 |
3413 |
7559 |
10972 |
| Private |
229 |
1238 |
1584 |
6779 |
8363 |
| Hospital |
15 |
390 |
55 |
1414 |
1469 |
| TOTAL |
1563* |
4334* |
5052 |
15752 |
20804 |
* data
incomplete
Gonococcal Infection 01/01/96 - 30/09/96
There were 210 cases of gonococcal
infection notified 57% (119/210) in men and 43% (91/210)
in women (Table 5.1).
Gonococcal Infection 01/07/96 -
30/09/96
There were 26 cases of gonococcal
infection notified for the third quarter. Of these cases,
17/26 (65%) occurred in males and 9?26 (35%) occurred in
females (Table 5.1).
Table 5.1 Gonococcal infection
in South Australia for 1996, cumulative to 30/09/96
and for the period 01/07/96 - 30/09/96. Age group by
sex.
| AGE GROUP |
3rd Quarter
01/07/96 - 30/09/96 |
Cumulative
to 30/09/96 |
TOTAL |
| MALE |
FEMALE |
MALE |
FEMALE |
| <15 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
4 |
7 |
| 15 - 19 |
2 |
3 |
29 |
34 |
63 |
| 20 - 24 |
6 |
2 |
34 |
22 |
56 |
| 25 - 29 |
3 |
3 |
19 |
11 |
30 |
| 30 - 34 |
3 |
1 |
14 |
10 |
24 |
| 35 - 39 |
1 |
0 |
11 |
3 |
14 |
| 40+ |
2 |
0 |
9 |
7 |
16 |
| TOTAL |
17 |
9 |
119 |
91 |
210 |
Table 6.1 Clinic 275 - Summary
Statistics
| DIAGNOSIS |
Period
01/07/96 - 30/09/96 |
Cumulative to 30/09/96 |
| MALE |
FEMALE |
MALE |
FEMALE |
TOTAL |
| No Illness |
510 |
386 |
1545 |
1157 |
2702 |
| HIV |
3 |
0 |
8 |
0 |
8 |
| Gonorrhoea |
8 |
1 |
17 |
6 |
23 |
| Syphilis |
2 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
| Herpes |
39 |
38 |
100 |
79 |
179 |
| Chlamydia |
25 |
20 |
66 |
44 |
110 |
| Non Specific
Urethritis |
41 |
- |
189 |
- |
189 |
| Warts |
201 |
91 |
594 |
229 |
823 |
| Trichomoniasis |
0 |
1 |
1 |
8 |
9 |
| Candidal
Vaginitis |
- |
120 |
- |
302 |
302 |
| Crabs |
34 |
7 |
80 |
28 |
108 |
| Scabies |
4 |
1 |
24 |
3 |
27 |
| Molluscum
Contagiosum |
37 |
11 |
82 |
29 |
111 |
| Bacterial
Vaginosis |
- |
57 |
- |
166 |
166 |
| Acute
Hepatitis B |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Chronic
Hepatitis B |
6 |
4 |
16 |
8 |
22 |
| Hepatitis C
Infection |
19 |
16 |
59 |
27 |
86 |
| Urethral
Irritation |
61 |
- |
170 |
- |
170 |
| Balanitis |
60 |
- |
170 |
- |
170 |
| Non STD
Illness |
151 |
52 |
429 |
162 |
591 |
| Post Coital
Contraception |
- |
42 |
- |
125 |
125 |
| Abnormal Pap
Smear |
- |
39 |
- |
144 |
144 |
| Other/Uncertain |
18 |
26 |
74 |
88 |
162 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
| Clinic
Attendances |
2186 |
1497 |
5502 |
5072 |
10574 |
| Episodes of
Care |
1119 |
793 |
3343 |
2248 |
5591 |
| Individual
Clients |
1072 |
741 |
3067 |
2037 |
5104 |
Note: A client
may have more than one diagnosis for an episode of care.
An individual client may have several episodes of care
each requiring one or more attendances. Data on episodes
of care and individual clients are from the computerisd
case notes system base on date of first visit for an
episode of care. Clinic attendances were obbtained from
the day book for the time period covered by this report.
All data in this report are provisional and subject to
future revision.
The STD Control Branch Quarterly
Surveillance Report is produced by the STD Control
Branch, Public and Environmental Health Service, South Australian
Health Commission.
ISSN 1328-0090
Postal address:
STD Control Branch
PO Box 6
Rundle Mall SA 5000
Australia
Telephone: +61 (8) 8226 6025
Facsimile:+61 (8) 82266560
Email: STD.Services at health.sa.gov.au
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